Theories of Learning (Piaget, Bruner, Vygotsky)

Theories of Learning (Piaget, Bruner, Vygotsky)
In principle the process of learning that people experience lasts a lifetime, meaning that learning is a continuous process, which never stops and confined to the classroom walls. This is based on the assumption that throughout his life, humans will always be faced with problems, obstacles in achieving the objectives to be achieved in this life. The principle of lifelong learning is in line with the four pillars of universal education as formulated by UNESCO, namely: (1) learning to know, which means also learning to learn, (2) learning to do, (3) learning to be, and (4) learning to live together.
Learning to know, or learning to learn implies that learning is essentially not only to the product or outcome-oriented learning, but also should be oriented to the learning process. With the learning process, students not only aware of what must be learned, but also have the awareness and ability to learn how to learn it.
Learning to do implies that learning is not merely hear and see the purpose of accumulation of knowledge, but learning to do with the ultimate goal of mastery of competencies that are necessary in an era of global competition.
Learning to be implies that learning is a form of human "be himself". In other words, learn to actualize themselves as individuals with personality who have the responsibility as human beings.
Learning to live together is to learn to cooperate. It is very necessary in accordance with the guidance needs in a global society where people either individually or as a group could never live alone or going into exile with his group.
Learning process that will be prepared by a teacher should first have to pay attention to the underlying theories. There are several learning theories that support the inquiry learning approach are:
1. Piaget's Theory
According to Piaget's cognitive development in children broadly divided into four periods, namely: a) the sensory motor period (0-2 years); b) preoperational period (2-7 years); c) concrete operational period (7-11 years); d ) period of formal operations (11-15) years. While the basic concepts and organizational adaptation process according to Piaget's intellectual namely: schemata (viewed as a set of concepts); assimilation (events match the new information with old information that has been owned by someone; accommodation (occurs when between new and old information previously not suitable then compared and adjusted to the old information) and equilibrium (when the balance is achieved then the students are familiar with the new information).
2. Theory Bruner
Bruner learning theory is almost similar to the theory of Piaget, Bruner suggested that intellectual development of children following the three successive stages of representation, namely: a) enaktif, all the attention the child depends on his response; b) iconic, thinking the child depends on sensory organization and c) symbolic , the child has a full understanding of things so that the child has been able to express their opinions with the language.
Implications of Bruner's theory in the learning process is a child confronts a situation that is confusing or a child experiences masalah.Dengan will try to adjust or re-organize the structures of ideas in order to achieve a balance in his mind.
3. The theory of Vygotsky
Vygotsky theories assume that learning occurs when children work or learning to handle the tasks that have not been studied but the tasks were still within range of his ability (zone of proximal development), namely the development of students' abilities slightly above the abilities that he already has. Vygotsky also explains that learning occurs in two stages: first stage occurs when collaborating with others, and the next phase is done individually, in which occurs the internalization process. During the process of interaction occurs, both between teacher-students and between students, such as the ability of mutual respect, to test the truth of the statement of others, negotiate, and adopt the opinion of each other can develop.