Definition Approach

Definition Approach, Strategies, Methods, Techniques, Tactics, and the Learning Model.
In the process of learning known as some of the terms have similar meanings, so often people get confused to differentiate. These terms are: (1) learning approach, (2) learning strategies, (3) teaching methods, (4) techniques of learning, (5) learning tactics, and (6) learning model. The following will set out these terms, hoping to give kejelasaan about the use of the term.
Learning approach can be interpreted as a point of departure or point of view on learning, which refers to the view of the occurrence of a process that is still very common in nature, in which enclose, menginsiprasi, strengthen, and the underlying learning methods with particular theoretical coverage. Judging from its approach, there are two types of learning approaches, namely: (1) learning-oriented approach or a student-centered (student centered approach) and (2) learning-oriented approach or teacher-centered (teacher centered approach).
Of learning approaches that have been established subsequently lowered into the learning strategies. Newman and Logan (Abin Makmun Shamsuddin, 2003) suggests four elements of any business strategy, namely:
1. Identify and define the specifications and qualifying results (output) and targets (targets) that must be achieved, taking into account the aspirations and tastes of the people who need them.
2. Consider and choose the main approach road (basic way) the most effective way to reach the target.
3. Consider and determine the steps (steps) that will dtempuh since the start point to the target.
4. Consider and establish benchmarks (criteria) and standard size (standard) to measure and assess the degree of success (achievement) business.
If we apply in the context of learning, the four elements are:
1. Establish specifications and qualifications of learning objectives and the changes in personal behavior profile of learners.
2. Consider and choose systems approach to learning is considered the most effective.
3. Consider and define the steps or procedures, methods and techniques of learning.
4. Establish norms and minimum size limits or criteria of success and the success of standard sizes.
Meanwhile, Kemp (Senjaya Vienna, 2008) suggested that learning strategy is a learning activity to do teachers and students so that learning objectives can be achieved effectively and efficiently. Furthermore, by quoting the thought J. R David, Vienna Senjaya (2008) mentions that the meaning contained in the learning strategy planning. This means that the strategy is basically still conceptual about the decisions to be taken in an exercise of learning. Judging from its strategy, the learning can be grouped into two sections as well, namely: (1) exposition, discovery learning, and (2) individual-learning group (in Vienna Senjaya Rowntree, 2008). Judging from the way of presenting and processing means, learning strategies learning strategies can be distinguished between inductive and deductive learning strategies.
Learning strategy is still conceptual in nature and used various methods to implement specific learning. In other words, the strategy is "a plan of operation Achieving something" while the method is "a way to Achieving something" (Vienna Senjaya (2008). Thus, the learning method can be interpreted as the means used to implement the plans that are constructed in the form of real and practical to achieve the learning objectives. There are several methods of learning that can be used to implement learning strategies, including: (1) lectures, (2) demonstration, (3) discussion, (4) simulation, (5) laboratory, (6) field experience; (7) brainstorming; (8) debates, (9) symposium, and so on.
Furthermore, the learning method are translated into the techniques and styles of learning. Thus, the technique can be diatikan as a way of learning a person does in implementing a specific method. For example, use the lecture method in a class with a relatively large number of students who require its own technique, which of course would technically different from the method use a class lecture on a limited number of students. Similarly, by using the method of discussion, it is necessary to use different techniques in class that students classified as active with a class that students classified as passive. In this case, the teacher can keep changing techniques even in the same corridor method.
While learning is the style of one's tactics in carrying out certain teaching methods or techniques that are individualized. Suppose there are two people both use the lecture method, but it may be very different in the tactics it employs. In its presentation, which one tends to many interspersed with humor because he has a sense of humor, while the other one lacks a sense of humor, but more use of electronic aids because she was so controlled that area. In the style of learning would seem the uniqueness or the uniqueness of each teacher, according to his ability, experience and personality types of teachers are concerned. In this tactic, the learning will become a science sekalkigus also art (tips)
If between the approaches, strategies, methods, techniques and tactics even learning already strung into a single coherent whole is formed what is called a model of learning. Thus, the learning model is basically a form of learning which is reflected from the beginning to the end that is typically presented by the teacher. In other words, the learning model is a wrap or a frame from the application of an approach, methods, and techniques of learning.
With regard to the learning model, Bruce Joyce and Marsha Weil (Smith Surasega Supriawan and A. Benjamin, 1990) explores four (4) group learning model, namely: (1) model of social interaction, (2) model of information processing, (3) model a personal-humanistic, and (4) model of behavior modification. However, often use the term learning model is identified with learning strategies.
For more details, hierarchical position of each term, may be visualized as follows:

Outside of these terms, in the learning process is also known terms of learning design. If the learning strategy is more concerned with general patterns and the general procedure of learning activities, whereas design refers to learning more ways to plan a system of a particular learning environment after a specific set of learning strategies. If the analogy with the home-making, the strategy talks about the various possible types or kinds of houses will be built (the house joglo, gadang houses, modern houses, etc.), each impression and a message will display different and unique. While the design is setting the blueprint (blue print) houses to be built along with the necessary materials and step sequences of construction, and completion criteria, ranging from early stage to late stage, after the specified type of houses to be built.
Based on the above, that to be able to perform their duties in a professional, a teacher is required to understand and possess adequate skills in developing various models of effective learning, creative and fun, as suggested in the Education Unit Level Curriculum.
Observing the learning reform efforts that are being developed in Indonesia, teachers or prospective teachers today are many choices offered by the learning model, which is sometimes for the sake of research (academic research and action research) is very difficult menermukan literarturnya sources. However, if teachers (teacher candidates) have been able to understand basic concepts or theories of learning which refers to the process (and related concepts and theories) of learning as stated above, it is basically a creative teacher can also try and develop a distinctive model of learning, in accordance with actual conditions in their respective workplaces, so that in turn will appear models of learning version of the teacher in question, which certainly enrich the treasures of learning models that already exist.